主動被動式
Created by Kelly Tseng
基本概念
一般句子中，主詞(subject)通常是動作的施行者(the agent/doer of an action)，而受詞(object)則是動作的接受者(the patient/theme of an action)，這樣的句子稱為主動語態(active voice)。反之若主詞的位置非動作施行者，而是動作的接受者，這樣的句子稱為被動語態(passive voice)。
by the man.
has finished
PASSIVE
has been finished
The project
the project.
The man
A smart boy is considered his brother by him.
A smart boy is considered him by his brother.
His brother is considered a smart boy by him.
He considers his brother a smart boy.
The son bought his father a watch.
To his father was bought a watch by the son.
A watch was bought his father by the son.
A watch was bought to his father by the son.
3. 主動語態的主詞，若有必要，可擺在by後面。
基本原則
1. 將主動語態的受詞提升為主詞。
2. 將動詞變成+<過去分詞>。
fired
The company
him.
ANSWER
He was fired by the company.
the companyhimwas firedfiredhehas firedfiresby the companyby him
被動基本句型：
使用時機
『被動作的一方』＋ be動詞 ＋ 過去分詞 ＋ (by 『做動作的一方』)
在以下特定情況下，常使用被動語態～
by the typhoon.
強調『整個村落』被摧毀，『我們的國家』被侵佔。
Our country
is being occupied
1. 強調動作的接受者時。
was destroyed
The entire village
by the enemy.
The electronic equipment in this house
can be turned off
『電腦中控系統』和『遙控器』非人類，並不會主動做控制或開關的動作。
2. 當動作的施行者非人類時。
by remote control.
is controlled
The air conditioner
by a central computer system.
A gift box has been left on my desk.
Who designed it?
Who left it?
Some language exams are designed to measure the exam takers’ language proficiency.
不知道誰給的禮物？誰設計考試不重要！
3. 當動作的施行者不明或不重要時。
4. 當動作的施行者眾所皆知時。
My brother was born in 2001.
The mail will be delivered at noon.
大家都知道信是郵差送的，我哥哥是我母親生的，不需要說。
By my mother!
By postman!
不想也沒有必要責備特定的犯錯者。
A serious mistake was made on the manual of this new product.
5. 避免動作的施行者承擔某些責任時。
Who made the mistake?
6. 避免使用過於籠統的主詞。
By people!
不需要特別說明對象。
Reservations are needed to keep the table.
By customers!
Fruits and vegetables must be digested to keep the body healthy.
當一個主動語態包含兩個受詞，轉換成被動語態時，兩個受詞皆可當成被動語態的主詞，但須使用不同結構。
SVOO的被動語態
V
Mary
sent
O2
O1當主詞時另一受詞O2留在動詞後。
S
O1
a package
was sent
by Mary.
John
to John
O2當主詞時另一受詞O1變成< to/for + O1> 的形式。
a package.
A package
當一個主動語態包含一個受詞及一個受詞補語，轉換成被動語態時，受詞後面的補語仍置於動詞後位置不變。
SVOC的被動語態
was called
O
C
called
sweetie
O當主詞時原受詞補語C留在動詞後。
sweetie.
The son gave his mother a dog.
A dog was given his mother by the son.
His mother was given a dog by the son.
A dog was given to the son by his mother.
英文中有很多表被動語態的片語必須使用by以外的介系詞。
特殊被動
be annoyed with 對～生氣
be made of 由～製成
be satisfied with 對～滿意
be involved in 被～牽連
be addicted to 對～上癮
be connected to 與～相連
be disappointed at 對～失望
be provided with 為～提供
be frightened of 被～填滿
be composed of 由～組成
Examples
be crowed with 被～擠滿
be associated with 與～有關
be filled with 被～填滿
be prepared for 為～準備
be acquainted with 對～熟悉
be covered with 被～覆蓋
The road is covered with snow.
The department store is crowed with people who want to buy the discounted products
She was addicted to chocolate.
His parents is disappointed at the results.
Water is composed of hyrogen and oxygen.
by
The school is composed _____ twenty departments.
from
with
of
to
at
for
The man is addicted _____ drinking.
of
The teacher is satisfied _____ their performance.
特殊限制
英文中並非所有動詞皆可轉變為被動語態。原則上只有及物動詞(transitive verbs)才有被動語態。以下幾種動詞，無法轉變為被動語態。
A serious car accident was happened yesterday.
A serious car accident happened yesterday.
1.表『發生』的動詞: occur, happen, take place...
1.表『動作狀態』的動詞: sleep, arrive, think, go, come, fall...
The airplane will arrive at Taiwan in ten minutes.
The airplane will be arrived at Taiwan in ten minutes.
3.表『描述』的動詞: disappear, show up, appear...
My cousin left so fast that he was disappeared in just a few second.
My cousin left so fast that he disappeared in just a few seconds.
are arrived
are often occurred
often occur
arrives
Thunderstorms _____ in summer.
is fallen
The rock _____ onto the floor.
falls
is fell
falled
appears
The announcement _____ in the local newspaper.
appearing
appear
is appeared
SVOC被動
SVOO被動